tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-45749353045479202332024-03-13T08:02:56.178-07:0012A2 GeographyGeog Depthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04950454701053213077noreply@blogger.comBlogger29125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4574935304547920233.post-37671846897312230242013-02-04T15:20:00.002-08:002013-02-04T15:20:46.202-08:00Arid vs Cold Wallwisher<iframe frameborder="0" height="480px" src="http://wallwisher.com/embed/p8q38pua4e" style="border: none; margin: 0; padding: 0;" width="100%"></iframe><br />
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Geog Depthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04950454701053213077noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4574935304547920233.post-68243562547588184242013-01-30T02:17:00.001-08:002013-02-04T15:22:54.660-08:00BBC E-mail: Shell 'partly liable' for spillsNew development on our Niger Delta cast study guys. Not much has been done only one case of compensation give out but thought it might be useful.
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** Shell 'partly liable' for spills **
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A Dutch court rules that a subsidiary of Anglo-Dutch oil giant Shell is partially responsible for oil pollution in Nigeria's Niger Delta region.
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< <a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-21258653">http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-21258653</a> >
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<br />Geog Depthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04950454701053213077noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4574935304547920233.post-34074865880202631862013-01-29T00:07:00.001-08:002013-02-04T15:21:19.062-08:00Solving Problems in Alaska<div style="color: black; direction: ltr; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 10pt;">
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<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Due to the constant snowfall and arctic conditions in Alaska, the build up of snow on top of many people's roof tops can cause ice dams which are often a major inconvenience to people living in cold environments. These ice dams can cause leaks in homes which can cause major structural damages to homes in cold environments. The Alaskan people have come up with a solution in order to prevent these ice dams from causing harm by inventing Removable snow guards which sit on top of a roof. <span class="style11">The Removable Snow Guard allows you to control the snow load on your metal roof.</span> When these guards are installed on a metal roof they do two things, keep snow from sliding off and create ice dams. The removable Snow Guard can keep over two feet of snow from sliding off a metal roof. When you stop the snow from sliding off a rood, ice dams will form. The removable snow barrier of the Alaskan Snow guard allows you to remove the ice dams any time they might become a problem, thus preventing any leaks that could cause inconvenience along the way.</span></div>
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<span style="color: grey; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><br /> </span> Geog Depthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04950454701053213077noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4574935304547920233.post-80571159381754296422013-01-28T14:22:00.001-08:002013-01-28T14:54:53.569-08:00Covering Glaciers with blankets<div style="color: black; direction: ltr; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 10pt;">
At the top of Andermatt ski resort in Switzerland lies the Gurschen glacier and glacial melting is a problem for ski resorts as the melt water falls onto their slopes and melts them and also a melting glacier is not safe for people to ski on, this then looses the resort money and also is harming the cold environment. To combat this scientists have developed a synthetic material that covers over 2500 meters squared effectively becoming a giant glacial blanket but instead of warming up the glacier (as this would be ridiculous and counter-productive) the material reflects that Sun's UV rays that land on the glacier back into the atmosphere preventing it from melting. The glacial blanket is however still in the testing stages and is heavily criticized by the WWF but if it works it will become used more widely.<br />
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V.Lombardo </div>
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<span style="color: grey; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><br /> </span> Geog Depthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04950454701053213077noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4574935304547920233.post-29173929820708944012013-01-28T14:10:00.001-08:002013-01-28T14:55:50.820-08:00Electric cars in Norway<div style="color: black; direction: ltr; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 10pt;">
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;"><b>Norway Electric Cars Case Study</b></span></div>
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More Nissan Leaf cars were bought in Norway than in the entire United States during 2012, despite the US having a population 60 times larger.</div>
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During 2012 there were over 10,000 sales of electric vehicles, taking them to approximately 5.2% of all vehicle sales.</div>
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Electric vehicle sales are so high in Norway that the Nissan Leaf is number 13th out of the top 20 best-selling cars in the country.</div>
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<b>How did Norway achieve such high electric vehicle sales?</b></div>
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So called "Comfort Incentives":</div>
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Its capital city, Oslo, allows electric vehicle drivers to use bus lanes, escaping rush hour traffic.</div>
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In Oslo parking spaces are free for electric vehicles.</div>
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Infrastructure:</div>
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Norway contains over 3,500 charging stations.</div>
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Of the charging stations, 100 of them are "fast-charging posts"</div>
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Economic Incentives</div>
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Import taxes on fuel in Norway make electric vehicles affordable and similar to petrol and diesel based vehicles.</div>
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<b>It turns out Norway's low carbon population aren't too concerned about being green</b></div>
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A "green car" organisation called Gröna Bil conducted a study which found that only about 5% of drivers would choose EVs for green reasons.</div>
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The rest of drivers would only consider the low carbon alternatives if the price, convenience and comfort offered were just right.</div>
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It has also been predicted that the number of electric vehicles will continue to increase to 200,000 by 2020.</div>
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<b><i>Sources</i></b></div>
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<i>http://www.greenoptimistic.com/2013/01/04/norway-electric-vehicles/#.UQbZZ7997Z5</i></div>
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H.Cavill</div>
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<span style="color: grey; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><br /> </span> Geog Depthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04950454701053213077noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4574935304547920233.post-69535946429592759212013-01-28T14:08:00.001-08:002013-01-28T14:57:26.882-08:00EU Clean Fuel Strategy<div style="color: black; direction: ltr; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 10pt;">
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<b>EU proposes "Clean Fuel Strategy" following an increase in estimated low carbon vehicle sales</b></div>
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During 2012 in Europe, hybrid cars, plug-in hybrid cars and electric cars accounted for just 0.7% of automotive sales. However, alongside incoming EU regulation to create infrastructure and force development, sales of low carbon vehicles are estimated to rapidly increase over the incoming years.</div>
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<b>EU Clean Fuel Strategy</b></div>
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On the 24th of January last Thursday, Commission Vice President Siim Kallas revealed the launch of the EU Clean Fuel Strategy, to be reached by 2020. The plan will cost €10 billion mostly funded by industry and intends to tackle the lack of infrastructure for low carbon vehicles.</div>
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The plan has set out quotas to increase the number of filling stations for electric, hydrogen, compressed natural gas and liquefied natural gas.</div>
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<b>So what does this mean for the UK?</b></div>
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An increase in the number for electric vehicle charging points from 703 last year to 1.22 million (Germany: 1,937 to 1.5 million, France: 1,600 to 970,000).</div>
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A maximum distance between hydrogen refuelling stations of 300km to tackle "range anxiety".</div>
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A maximum distance between liquefied natural gas terminals of 400km for trucks.</div>
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A maximum distance between compressed natural gas points every 150km.</div>
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Common standards for hydrogen, CNG and LNG filling stations should be developed by December 2015.</div>
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<b>Electric Vehicles</b></div>
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The verdict of a study by Pike Research has forecasted that the percentage will leap to a 4% share of the market by 2020 to 827,000 vehicle sales annually within the EU.</div>
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The website nextgreencar.com has also predicted a large increase in sales and recently told the Observer it expects the total number of electric cars in the UK to double from around 3,000 to 6,000 in 2013, as cheaper models go on sale and more charging points are installed.</div>
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The United Kingdom, Germany, France, Norway, the Netherlands and Sweden are estimated to purchase the most electric cars within the EU, accounting for 67% of the market.</div>
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What are the benefits of driving electric?</div>
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Some electric vehicles cost as much as a quarter per mile to drive compared to petrol and diesel vehicles.</div>
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The UK government offers a £5,000 grant to help people buy an electric vehicle (launched in January 2011).</div>
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They are generally silent, removing associated noise pollution.</div>
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They are becoming increasingly affordable (for example Renault's £13,650 ZOE, which comes with a £70 monthly battery hire fee)</div>
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Prices of electric cars are decreasing rapidly, for example the Nissan Leaf recently dropped in price by £3,800.</div>
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<b>Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles</b></div>
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Electric vehicles are viewed as inferior by many when compared to hydrogen fuel cell vehicles. These vehicles are powered by combining hydrogen with oxygen from the air.</div>
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So why are they superior to electric? (Benefits)</div>
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They can fill up in minutes at a hydrogen pump, much like a petrol one, compared to many electric cars which can take up to 8 hours to recharge.</div>
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And they do not have the "range anxiety" experienced with electric vehicles as they can drive several times more than the average 160km electric battery vehicle.</div>
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If superior, why aren't sales taking off?</div>
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These vehicles are seriously expensive, and are still too expensive for the average consumer.</div>
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There is currently little infrastructure for these vehicles, the oil companies owning petrol stations are yet to jump on board and install pumps.</div>
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Unlike electric cars and plug-in hybrids they cannot be charged at home via an electric plug, normally this takes place over night as it takes several hours.</div>
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Luckily though businesses within the EU are storming ahead with plans to develop infrastructure for these vehicles. For example Daimler has joined with gas company Linde to install 20 hydrogen filling stations in Germany.</div>
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Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles have been notoriously expensive and are not yet as cheap as electric vehicles, however prices are significantly lowering. For example the South Korean group Hyundai has revealed expectations to halve production costs for these vehicles to £29,300.</div>
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<b>Conclusion</b></div>
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So it seems there are increasing sales of low carbon vehicles, particularly for electric cars. However taking into account the Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles practicality, if the price drops to that of electric vehicles it will be interesting to see which comes out on top.</div>
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At least the EU is taking the important steps to reduce our dependence on oil.</div>
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<b><i>Sources</i></b></div>
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<i>http://www.thegreencarwebsite.co.uk/blog/index.php/2013/01/03/report-electric-vehicles-set-for-huge-spike-in-sales/</i></div>
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<i>http://in.reuters.com/article/2013/01/28/us-daimer-ford-nissan-idINBRE90R0CO20130128</i></div>
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<i>http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2013/jan/08/electric-car-sales-2012</i></div>
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<i>http://www.greenchipstocks.com/articles/electric-car-sales-growth/2181</i></div>
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<i>http://www.euractiv.com/climate-environment/brussels-clears-road-electric-ve-news-517378</i></div>
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H.Cavill</div>
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<span style="color: grey; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><br /> </span> Geog Depthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04950454701053213077noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4574935304547920233.post-68673207662673116052013-01-28T12:46:00.001-08:002013-01-28T15:00:42.733-08:00Antarctic Fish Under Threat<div style="color: black; direction: ltr; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 10pt;">
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 103%;">A Yale-led study of the evolutionary history of Antarctic fish and their "anti-freeze" proteins illustrates how tens of millions of years ago, a lineage of fish adapted to newly formed polar conditions – and how today they are now endangered by a rapid rise in ocean temperatures. </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 103%;">"A rise of 2 degrees Centigrade of water temperature will likely have a devastating impact on this Antarctic fish lineage, which is so well adapted to water at freezing temperatures," said Thomas Near, associate professor of ecology and evolutionary biology.</span></div>
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<strong><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 103%;">Anti-freeze chemicals confer protection</span></strong><b><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 103%;"><br /></span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 103%;">The successful origin of these fish and their diversification into 100 different species, collectively called notothenioids<a href=""></a>, is a textbook case of how evolution operates. Yale's Peabody Museum of Natural History has one of the most important collections of these specimens in the world.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 103%;">A period of rapid cooling led to mass extinction of fish acclimated to a warmer Southern Ocean. The acquisition of so-called antifreeze glycoproteins<a href=""></a> enabled notothenioids<a href=""></a> to survive in seas with frigid temperatures. As they adapted to vacant ecological niches, many new species of notothenioids<a href=""></a> arose and contributed to the rich biodiversity of marine life found today in the waters of Antarctica.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 103%;"><a href=""></a><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 103%;">Notothenioids</span> account for much of the diversity in the fish to be found in the Antarctic region, and they also play a key role in the food chain, being hunted by larger predators, including penguins, toothed whales, and seals. However, the new study suggests the acquisition of the antifreeze glycoproteins<a href=""></a> 22 to 42 million years ago was not the only reason for the successful adaptation of the Antarctic notothenioids<a href=""></a>. The largest radiation of notothenioid<a href=""></a> fish species into new habitats occurred at least 10 million years after the first appearance of glycoproteins<a href=""></a>, according to this study.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 103%;">"The evolution of antifreeze was often thought of as a 'smoking gun,' triggering the diversification of these fishes, but we found evidence that this adaptive radiation is not linked to a single trait, but to a combination of factors," Near said.</span></div>
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<strong><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Their vulnerability today</span></strong></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 103%;">Now the same fish are endangered by warming of the Antarctic seas. This evolutionary success story is threatened by climate change that has made the Southern Ocean around Antarctica one of the fastest-warming regions on Earth. The same traits that enabled the fish to survive and thrive on a cooling planet make them particularly susceptible to a warming one, notes Near.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 103%;">"Given their strong polar adaptations and their inability to acclimate to warmer water temperatures, climate change could devastate this most interesting lineage of fish with its distinctive evolutionary history," Near explained.</span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="color: blue;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 103%;"></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">J. Phillips</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: grey; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><br /> </span> Geog Depthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04950454701053213077noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4574935304547920233.post-6714482123254829192013-01-28T03:54:00.001-08:002013-01-28T15:01:28.901-08:00Is the UK uniquely bad when it comes to dealing with snow?<div style="color: black; direction: ltr; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 10pt;">
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">For the third year in a row the UK has suffered snow induced chaos, but why can't we cope? </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">One fundamental reason is the cost. The cost of grit, its storage and gritting machines is apparently too high to completely clear every road in Britain.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">But how do countries such as <b>CANADA </b>cope? </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Let's use airports as an example. <b>HUNDREDS</b> of thousands of stranded UK air passengers could have been spared misery if airport bosses had planned better for the cold snap, according to an aviation expert. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Airports in <b>CANADA </b>allow planes to land and take off with minimal disruption.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">How?</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">They are equipped with snow ploughs and under-runway heating mechanisms. They anticipate the bad weather quicker than we do. They do get much longer periods of bad weather but they invest in making sure they have got many snow ploughs on standby and people to clear the runway quickly.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">The situation in the UK was preventable. This could have been planned for. The weather has been changing predictably and Gatwick doesn't seem to have anticipated this. Snow has fallen earlier each year and it needs to plan for that.</span></span></div>
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Geog Depthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04950454701053213077noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4574935304547920233.post-18057758676261118042013-01-25T04:26:00.001-08:002013-01-26T12:06:31.849-08:00Yakutsk Management<div style="color: black; direction: ltr; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 10pt;">
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">With the Lena River being navigable in the summer, there are various boat cruises offered, including upriver to the Lena Pillars, and downriver tours which visit spectacular scenery in the lower reaches and the Lena delta. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Many mining companies have offices in Yakutsk including ALROSA, whose diamond mines in Yakutia account for about 20% of the world's rough diamond output.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Yakutsk is also home of some theatres and museums such as Sakha theater and the Mammoth Museum to keep people involved in the community </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Yakutsk State University is situated in the city there are also branches of the Russian Academy of Sciences to provide opportunities for the young due to the difficulty of travel.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">A Ciuro</span></span></div>
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Geog Depthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04950454701053213077noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4574935304547920233.post-85442355833018325692013-01-25T04:25:00.001-08:002013-01-26T12:05:38.839-08:00Saas Fee resort management schemes<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Avenir-Light','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">The ski resort of Saas Fee has adopted sustainable measures with enthusiasm in its efforts to preserve its natural and cultural heritage. Restrictive building and zoning laws, its commitment to take environmental concerns, makes Saas Fee a pioneer in the Swiss Alps. Saas Fee applies a fee based on the 'polluters pay' principle. Polluters pay forcing hotel and shop owners to pay for each rubbish bag produced has significantly reduced the amount of litter, encouraging hotel and shop owners to recycle. Due to that, there are number of social and economic benefits- the towns are quieter, cleaner and more desirable to tourists as a result therefore injecting more money into the local economy.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Avenir-Light','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Saas Fee ski resort sustainability by M. Skavronskiy </span></div>
Geog Depthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04950454701053213077noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4574935304547920233.post-72315252840631981432013-01-25T04:10:00.000-08:002013-01-26T12:04:24.345-08:00How Does Moscow Deal With The Snow?<div style="color: black; direction: ltr; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 10pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';"><span style="font-size: small;">Schools open, trains running normally, airports functioning without delay. Welcome to Moscow where, unlike paralyzed Britain, life continued much as usual yesterday, despite 15cm of snow and temperatures as low as -27C (-17F). From the early hours of yesterday an army of snegoborochnaya mashina – snow ploughs - took to Moscow's streets. </span></span><br />
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';"><span style="font-size: small;">The city council employs some 50,000 workers to clear snow from yards. Result: everyone gets to work on time. Marina Orlova, a spokeswoman for the council, said: "For us winter starts on October 15. It ends in March. We have a committee of experts who meet every day at 5pm. They include a weather expert and an official from the crisis ministry. If there's going to be snow, we load up trucks and send them out." </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: grey; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><br /> </span> Geog Depthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04950454701053213077noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4574935304547920233.post-90432962084620012262013-01-23T14:55:00.001-08:002013-01-23T15:12:52.982-08:00Martian glaciers and the one-way trip to visit them<div style="color: black; direction: ltr; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">It turns out that glaciers aren't only on the planet Earth, evidence from the HiWish program, run by NASA, has shown that there are also glaciers on the planet Mars.</span><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Having discovered these landforms, geographers everywhere are buzzing to get on-board Mars One's one-way trip to establish the first human settlement in 2023 to explore them, but more on that later.</span><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">NASA released the first photos taken by the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter in April 2010, and on this blog post are photos released as of September 2010 by their HiRISE camera.</span><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">An important difference in the formation of Martian glaciers is that because of the low atmospheric pressure, ablation near the surface occurs because of sublimation rather than melting. This means that the solid ice turns straight into a gas rather than a liquid.</span><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">There is recent evidence that water ice still exists in the form of glaciers covered by a layer of insulating rock. As of March 2010 when scientists published a radar study of an area called Deuteronilus Mensae, it has been thought that there is ice lying beneath a few meters of rock debris.</span><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">The photo below shows evidence of a zone of accumulation of snow at the top, the glacier having moved down a valley and then having spread out on a plain. The location is Prontonilus Mensae in Ismenuis Lacus quadrangle. <em>(Source: </em><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wide_view_of_glacier_showing_image_field.JPG"><em>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wide_view_of_glacier_showing_image_field.JPG</em></a><em>)</em></span><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 'MS UI Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihxf6GleNNBeBQXlG6AJc2av_8KPr-_4QRLtChAfdKwyRoFXxxTVnSQjRKj4ZRlq3GeuH_4eU6iGNT-4G85aggfa9VAmZoel55vTbwkxkBqsyBIkR5YfHTeidrozVVV3N-aN12eWGRTcrs/s1600/martian+glacier-759208.JPG"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5836782212205548226" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihxf6GleNNBeBQXlG6AJc2av_8KPr-_4QRLtChAfdKwyRoFXxxTVnSQjRKj4ZRlq3GeuH_4eU6iGNT-4G85aggfa9VAmZoel55vTbwkxkBqsyBIkR5YfHTeidrozVVV3N-aN12eWGRTcrs/s320/martian+glacier-759208.JPG" /></a> </span> </div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">The next photo shows an enlargement of an area within the previous image of what is thought to be a terminal moraine of an alpine glacier. <em>(Source: </em><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Glacier_close_up_with_hirise.JPG"><em>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Glacier_close_up_with_hirise.JPG</em></a><em>)</em></span><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: 'MS UI Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;"></span><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 'MS UI Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFFoYxFXdcPUxTVY0kUmYjCYM9KPQWyEm3Ynk78b-pghOHbMTdH6X7Rv0bZFkeK9GUFG2mRlT4oOml_SDf12QrCEoEzeS_suXd8Z_2QCpE65_koaslVVUxdBZayJ0i3gT6LTg4oRVIAFbY/s1600/martian+morraine-763440.JPG"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5836782229614950818" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFFoYxFXdcPUxTVY0kUmYjCYM9KPQWyEm3Ynk78b-pghOHbMTdH6X7Rv0bZFkeK9GUFG2mRlT4oOml_SDf12QrCEoEzeS_suXd8Z_2QCpE65_koaslVVUxdBZayJ0i3gT6LTg4oRVIAFbY/s320/martian+morraine-763440.JPG" /></a> </span><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Unfortunately a school trip to the Martian North pole is out of the geography department's budget. However, luckily for us geographers NASA is already visiting the planets surface on a "robotic space mission" (the first of its kind) called MER (Mars Exploration Rover Mission). Below is a graphical representation of one of the mars exploration rovers. <em>(Source: <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> <a href="http://marsrover.nasa.gov/mission/spacecraft_surface_rover.html">http://marsrover.nasa.gov/mission/spacecraft_surface_rover.html</a>)</span></em></span><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 'MS UI Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0bljNYqxovM9f_iCu4KzPjF26Lj1k3aZHNSmkfKoE3pTUUiqM8rhJy1WQr6TwzH2wAqGRZ7M2JnzxpoCLqdrtwh6qe247gvhaCjW14LVQpO4p455CLS_9Geq53Qdj5WdOw3pUWsXxdGS4/s1600/mars+rover-767421.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5836782251110378706" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0bljNYqxovM9f_iCu4KzPjF26Lj1k3aZHNSmkfKoE3pTUUiqM8rhJy1WQr6TwzH2wAqGRZ7M2JnzxpoCLqdrtwh6qe247gvhaCjW14LVQpO4p455CLS_9Geq53Qdj5WdOw3pUWsXxdGS4/s320/mars+rover-767421.jpg" /></a></span> <br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Although the mission title is bland, NASA decided to call the two visiting robot rovers Spirit and Opportunity. The rovers are currently exploring the Martian surface and investigating Martian geology by characterizing wide ranges of Martian rocks.</span><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Better yet... I'm sure our keen Bedford School geographers are excited to find out who will be one of the four first human visitors to Mars on the one-way trip in 2023 funded by the non-profit organisation: Mars One.</span><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">If interested you can watch the introduction video from Mars One on that here:</span><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=n4tgkyUBkbY"><span style="color: blue;">http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=n4tgkyUBkbY</span></a>#! </span><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">And if you think you're up for the trip... review yourself here:</span><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://mars-one.com/en/faq-en/21-faq-selection/251-do-i-qualify-to-apply"><span style="color: blue;">http://mars-one.com/en/faq-en/21-faq-selection/251-do-i-qualify-to-apply</span></a></span><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">To conclude... It turns out that we're not actually as far off as we think to do get busy with some practical Martian geography. Good luck with your applications.</span><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;"><em>Sources:</em></span><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;"><em>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaciers_on_Mars</em></span><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;"><em>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HiWish_program</em></span><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;"><em>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover</em></span><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;"><em>http://marsrover.nasa.gov/mission/spacecraft_surface_rover.html</em></span><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;"><em>http://mars-one.com/en/</em></span><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;"><em>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wide_view_of_glacier_showing_image_field.JPG</em></span><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;"><em>http://www.uahirise.org/ESP_018857_2225</em></span><br />
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<span style="color: grey; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><br /> </span> Geog Depthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04950454701053213077noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4574935304547920233.post-71713992023819594942013-01-23T06:27:00.001-08:002013-01-23T06:27:50.081-08:00Niger Delta - C O'Brian<script src="//storify.com/obrienca/shell-in-nigeria.js?template=slideshow"></script><noscript>[<a href="//storify.com/obrienca/shell-in-nigeria" target="_blank">View the story "Shell in Nigeria " on Storify</a>]<h1>Shell in Nigeria </h1><h2>Is Shell causing more bad than good?</h2><p>Storified by <a href="http://storify.com/obrienca"></a>· Fri, Jan 18 2013 08:33:57</p><div>Wikimedia</div><div>Blogspot</div><div>Location of the Niger Delta </div><div>Conditions in the Niger Delta - Shell GlobalMost of the oil that Shell companies produce in Nigeria comes from onshore in the Niger Delta. The delta is half swamp, half land, with...</div><div>Website showing how Shell in fact is not the main cause of the oil leaks, 75% of all oil leaks are from 3rd party sabotage, without these interference Shell would be able to extract oil efficiently and reduce their damage on the environment </div><div>Guim</div><div>Illegal oil extraction in the delta has lead to more environmental damage than Shell due to the fact that they don't have the right skills/equipment to safely do it, there are over 300 deaths a year due to illegal oil extraction in the Delta </div><div>Turner</div><div>Nigeria loses N170b to pipeline vandalismThe Guardian gathered that the recent incident at the Arepo area of Ogun State has however increased the loss significantly, even as the ...</div><div>Shell Nigeria - Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaShell maintained that it asked the Nigerian government for clemency towards those found guilty but that its request was refused. A 2001...</div><div>Shell are responsible for providing 21% of Nigeria's electricity supply. Oil in the delta has generated $30bn, as-well has generating 6,000 jobs, 90% of whom are Nigerian. On the smaller scale, Shell have also given $161m to the Niger Delta Development Organisation as well as providing 27 health facilities in the delta.</div><div>Wordpress</div><div>Economywatch</div><div>Graphs showing, how from 2002 Nigeria's GDP has risen, primarily due to oil exports. Without Shell in Nigeria would this GDP be at the level it is? Would Nigeria be as economically stable as they are? </div></noscript>Geog Depthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04950454701053213077noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4574935304547920233.post-91708844696658931842013-01-23T06:26:00.000-08:002013-01-23T06:26:11.497-08:00Niger Delta - M Skavronskiy<script src="//storify.com/maxiskav/niger-delta.js?template=slideshow"></script><noscript>[<a href="//storify.com/maxiskav/niger-delta" target="_blank">View the story "Niger Delta" on Storify</a>]<h1>Niger Delta</h1><h2></h2><p>Storified by <a href="http://storify.com/maxiskav"></a>· Mon, Jan 21 2013 11:33:49</p><div>Location</div><div>Usip</div><div>E-ir</div><div>What is going on?</div><div>Delta Boys - 53 Minute Documentary Trailerjourneymanpictures</div><div>Pictures below show effects of oil extraction in the Niger Delta</div><div>Wix</div><div>Abcnews</div><div>Priceofoil</div><div>The main reason for environmental issues are the oil spills which are mainly caused by sabotage (75%). The rest of them are due to poor quality of pipelines which might be about 30 years old. </div><div>Niger Delta Oil Conflicti2Mmveo96Apa7priMJ9ZUQ</div><div>Niger Delta</div><div>Opinion of the government (about oil thieves).</div><div>Nigerian Navy to conduct fleet evaluation exercise to comb the Niger-Delta for oil theives PT 1channelsweb</div><div>Government receives huge amount of money from Shell (<b>1980GDP = $69.2 billion, 2011 GDP = $235.9 billion), </b>however, leakages cost government $10 million and the Niger Delta region receives very little investment (only 1% of revenue).</div><div>Thenewblackmagazine</div><div>Csmonitor</div><div>As you can see on pictures above, local people use violent methods in order to influence government because during peaceful protests 2000 people were killed.</div><div><h2>THE END</h2></div></noscript>Geog Depthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04950454701053213077noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4574935304547920233.post-61973507811027917472013-01-23T06:23:00.003-08:002013-01-23T06:23:58.009-08:00Niger Delta - J Philips<script src="//storify.com/JamesP24/shell-s-involvement-in-the-niger-delta.js?template=slideshow"></script><noscript>[<a href="//storify.com/JamesP24/shell-s-involvement-in-the-niger-delta" target="_blank">View the story "Shell's involvement in the Niger Delta " on Storify</a>]<h1>Shell's involvement in the Niger Delta </h1><h2></h2><p>Storified by <a href="http://storify.com/JamesP24"></a>· Wed, Jan 23 2013 05:16:39</p><div>Salonemonitor</div><div>Usip</div><div>Newsrescue</div><div>Shell Nigeria oil spill &#39;60 times bigger than it claimed&#39; | Environment ...Apr 23, 2012 ... A Shell oil spill on the Niger delta was at least 60 times greater than the company reported at the time, according to...</div><div>Farmers sue oil giant Shell over Niger Delta pollution - CNN.comOct 24, 2012 ... Based on "years of oil pollution in three villages in the Niger Delta," it ... The three villages concerned ...</div><div>Niger Delta Oil Conflicti2Mmveo96Apa7priMJ9ZUQ</div><div>Briggs responds: I'd rather a situation where oil and gas isn't exploited so I can fish and farm [in the Niger Delta]Alayo Agoro</div><div>The Stream - The Ogoni vs oil giant Shellaljazeeraenglish</div><div>Shell Faces Oil-Spill Compensation Claims - WSJ.comOct 11, 2012 ... The oil spills at Oruma, Goi and Ikot Ada Udo in the Niger Delta took place between 2004 and 2007. The total amount of...</div><div>Shell&#39;s Wildly Inaccurate Reporting of Niger Delta Oil Spill Exposed ...Apr 23, 2012 ... A Shell oil spill on the Niger delta was at least 60 times greater than the company had reported at the time of the sp...</div><div>Jaguda</div><div>Nigeria News: Oil spills soak the Niger Delta | GlobalPostJun 25, 2012 ... A Nigerian tries to separate crude oil from water in a boat at the Bodo waterways polluted by oil spills attributed to...</div><div>Environmental issues in the Niger Delta - Wikipedia, the free ...The key environmental issues in the Niger Delta of Nigeria relate to its petroleum ... The largest contributor to the oil spill total, ...</div><div>Nigeria set to prosecute 23 people for allegedly stealing oil from the Niger ...In addition to the financial cost of the damage caused by criminals, the environment particularly in the Niger Delta region has been nega...</div><div>Guim</div></noscript>Geog Depthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04950454701053213077noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4574935304547920233.post-25857400615076088272013-01-21T14:58:00.001-08:002013-01-21T15:04:15.459-08:00What happens if a person falls into a volcano?<div style="color: black; direction: ltr; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 10pt;">
<a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kq7DDk8eLs8" target="_blank">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kq7DDk8eLs8</a> <br />
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This video shows what would happen (to some extent) to a person if they fell into a volcano. It is depicted in films and tv that people sink and melt... well in fact this video shows that if an object made of organic matter falls into a lava pit it in fact... explodes. This is due to our bodies being made mostly of water and this then rapidly turns to steam which explodes out of the casing and causes a small eruption. This bag only weighed 30kg so imagine if a fully grown man fell in... how big of an eruption would it be!? There is some more detail in the comments box if you want but just thought this was interesting and quite cool to watch (no pun intended).</div>
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Thanks,</div>
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Vinny</div>
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<span style="color: grey; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><br /> </span> Geog Depthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04950454701053213077noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4574935304547920233.post-25860033386711764842013-01-21T01:07:00.001-08:002013-01-21T01:07:21.171-08:00Niger Delta - A Ciuro<script src="//storify.com/ciuroa/problems-in-ogoniland.js?template=slideshow"></script><noscript>[<a href="//storify.com/ciuroa/problems-in-ogoniland" target="_blank">View the story "Problems in Ogoniland " on Storify</a>]<h1>Problems in Ogoniland </h1><h2>Exploring the problems within this area from a ogoni point of view.</h2><p>Storified by <a href="http://storify.com/ciuroa"></a>· Sun, Jan 20 2013 14:32:20</p><div>Unmultimedia</div><div>Location</div><div>Wnd</div><div>Guim</div><div>The oil company shell has caused major problems for the ogonis </div><div>Shell Oil - The Awful Truthchastrie</div><div>Platformlondon</div><div>Insight: A year on, Nigeria&#39;s oil still poisons Ogoniland | ReutersAug 5, 2012 ... OGONILAND, Nigeria (Reuters) - A bright yellow sign above the well in this sleepy Nigerian village says &#39;caution: n...</div><div>Bill of rights</div><div>Ogoni Bill of Rights - Urhobo WaadoThe Ogoni of the Niger Delta declare a bill of rights in their struggle for survival.</div><div>socio-economic impacts</div><div>Nigerian Oil - National Geographic MagazineOil fouls everything in southern Nigeria. It spills from the pipelines, poisoning soil and water. It stains the hands of politicians an...</div><div>Shell accepts liability for two oil spills in Nigeria | Environment | The ...Aug 3, 2011 ... The impact of an oil spill near Ikarama, Bayelsa State, Niger Delta ... The UN Environment Programme (UNEP) report, fun...</div><div>Oil Pollution in Nigerianizarabboud</div><div>Sweet Crude trailer 2009leslyesweetcrude</div><div>Nigeria & Oilyootubealator</div><div>Environmental impacts </div><div>Sweetcrudereports</div><div>Thepetropro</div><div>UNEP Ogoniland Oil Assessment Reveals Extent of Environmental</div><div>Environmental issues in the Niger Delta - Wikipedia, the free ...But since the inception of the oil industry in Nigeria, more than twenty-five years .... Oil spillage has a major impact on the ecosyst...</div><div>Ogoni and OilThe oil industry in Nigeria has had a number of environmental and socio- economic effects both in the regions where oil drilling and shi...</div><div>environmental problems</div><div>Shell's delayed clean up of the Niger Deltaaljazeeraenglish</div><div>Shell, the 3rd richest company in the world, has failed to clean up two oil spills off Nigeria, among MANY other abusesBoycott!!</div><div>Environmental contamination of Ogoniland by Shell-INfocus-02-29-2012presstvglobalnews</div><div>Oil industry has brought poverty and pollution to Niger Delta ...Jun 30, 2009 ... The oil industry in the Niger Delta of Nigeria has brought impoverishment, ... Pollution and environmental damage caus...</div><div>Geopolitical impacts</div><div>Wiwa v. Shell » Shell&#39;s Environmental Devastation in NigeriaOn November 10, 1995, nine Ogoni leaders (the “Ogoni Nine”) were executed by ... loss of biodiversity and, in turn, further impoverishm...</div><div>Boycott Shell/Free Nigeria: The main issuesThe trial of Ken Saro-Wiwa and the Ogoni 8: The Struggle Continues ... Since the Nigerian government hanged 9 environmental activists i...</div><div>The Ogoni Issue - NigeriaSPDC stopped production in Ogoni land and withdrew from the area in 1993 after violence against our staff and action targeting our faci...</div><div>Shell pays out $15.5m over Saro-Wiwa killing - The GuardianJun 9, 2009 ... In the lawsuit, the families of the Ogoni nine alleged Shell conspired with ... Shell in the early 1990s under the lead...</div><div>14 years after Ken Saro-Wiwa's death, family points finger at Shell in court http://gu.com/p/28xye/tw via @guardianNAHODA AMEIR</div></noscript>Geog Depthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04950454701053213077noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4574935304547920233.post-24907606815007565572013-01-21T01:01:00.000-08:002013-01-21T01:01:14.806-08:00Miger Delta - B Barfoot<script src="//storify.com/barfootr/oil-in-the-niger-delta.js?template=slideshow"></script><noscript>[<a href="//storify.com/barfootr/oil-in-the-niger-delta" target="_blank">View the story "Oil in the Niger Delta" on Storify</a>]<h1>Oil in the Niger Delta</h1><h2>The Ogoni struggle against Shell</h2><p>Storified by <a href="http://storify.com/barfootr"></a>· Mon, Jan 14 2013 02:17:00</p><div>Nytimes</div><div>Umich</div><div>Location</div><div>Geocurrents</div><div>Shell</div><div>Shell & Co. - Nigeria Oil Spills and Government Corruptionveganluxembourg</div><div>Indymedia</div><div>BBC News - Shell in court over Nigeria oil spill compensationMar 23, 2012 ... The company promised it would pay compensation according to ... The campaign forced Shell to stop pumping oil out of O...</div><div>Platformlondon</div><div>Ogoni Bill of Rights</div><div>Ogoni Bill of Rights - Urhobo WaadoThe Ogoni of the Niger Delta declare a bill of rights in their struggle for survival.</div><div>Clean Up</div><div>BBC News - Nigeria Ogoniland oil clean-up &#39;could take 30 years&#39;Aug 4, 2011 ... The UN says Nigeria&#39;s Ogoniland could take 30 years to recover from oil spills in the region, a day after Shell acc...</div></noscript>Geog Depthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04950454701053213077noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4574935304547920233.post-36818952290178811172013-01-21T00:59:00.001-08:002013-01-21T00:59:34.283-08:00Niger delta - V Lombardo<script src="//storify.com/lombardov/oil-in-niger-delta-according-to-nigerian-governmen.js?template=slideshow"></script><noscript>[<a href="//storify.com/lombardov/oil-in-niger-delta-according-to-nigerian-governmen" target="_blank">View the story "Oil in Niger Delta according to Nigerian Government" on Storify</a>]<h1>Oil in Niger Delta according to Nigerian Government</h1><h2></h2><p>Storified by <a href="http://storify.com/lombardov"></a>· Mon, Jan 14 2013 02:47:42</p><div>Usip</div><div>Newsdesk</div><div>How the Theft OccursSome of these include: Rupture of pipelines to siphon crude oil into barges or shallow draught tanker vessels for subsequent transshipmen...</div><div>This article shows how the oil pumped by Shell is being stolen by locals and it is due to these people that most of the oil spills occur. </div><div>$400bn - estimated amount of Nigeria's oil revenue <b>stolen</b> or misspent since independence in 1960 - <em>World Bank's ex-vice-president for Africa, Oby Ezekwesili said in August 2012</em></div><div>Telegraph</div><div>It is people like this that are causing the trouble in the Niger Delta and are stealing the oil and causing the spills. </div><div>Shell film about illegal oil refining in the Niger Deltashell</div><div>These pipe line and illegal oil refinery explosions are what make up the majority of the oil spills in Ogoniland and Shell do their best to help to clean them up even when it wasn't their fault. </div><div>BBC News - Nigeria oil spills: Shell rejects liability claimOct 11, 2012 ... The Anglo-Dutch oil giant Shell has rejected claims by four Nigerian farmers that ... They said repairs were hard to c...</div><div>This shows the arguments against Shell who are backed by the Government but Shell say and have proved that it was due to sabotage "were all caused by sabotage. I mean, there's video evidence. There's signed testimonies by joint investigation teams that are constituted of the local municipality, the company, the government." is a quotation from the article.</div><div>Nigeria's 'oil war'cnn</div><div>This shows that it is the militants that are stealing the oil from the government loosing the country money and making the people poorer. It also shows that the government is accused of being corrupt and allowing for this to happen but why would they want to allow for their main money maker to be stolen from them.</div><div>NIGERIA'S GOODLUCK JONATHAN ON CNN (DELTA MILITANTS, JOS)solomonsydelle</div><div>The first half of this clip shows how the President plans to deal with the problem of oil in the Niger Delta</div></noscript>Geog Depthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04950454701053213077noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4574935304547920233.post-5961234371255290032013-01-14T02:05:00.000-08:002013-01-14T02:05:26.116-08:00Blogging task 2Create a Storify for the Issue of Oil extraction in the Niger Delta.<br />
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Maintain the bias of the Ogoni people, the Government or Shell. As you were in the debate.<br />
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Include, images, maps, video, news, social media etc<br />
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Email the embed code of your storify in slideshow format to the blog email address by Monday 21st January.<br />
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See TWR's example below:<br />
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<script src="//storify.com/BSGeography/oil-in-the-niger-delta.js?template=slideshow"></script><noscript>[<a href="//storify.com/BSGeography/oil-in-the-niger-delta" target="_blank">View the story "Oil in the Niger Delta" on Storify</a>]<h1>
Oil in the Niger Delta</h1>
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A non-biased case study of the Social, Economic and Environmental Impacts of oil extraction in the Niger Delta. Focussing on Shell and the Ogoni people.Relevant for - IB patterns in resource consumption & AS The Energy Issue</h2>
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Storified by <a href="http://storify.com/BSGeography">Bedford School Geog</a>· Fri, May 18 2012 01:24:07</p>
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Sfbayview</div>
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<b>Location</b></div>
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Wikimedia</div>
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Squidoocdn</div>
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Background to Shell and the Ogoni people in the Niger Delta</div>
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Shell companies in Nigeria: Over 50 years of operationsShell</div>
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Oil: the curse of the OgoniThe Curse of Oil in Ogoniland. "Oil is a curse which means only poverty, hunger, disease and exploitation". - Emanuel Nnadozi...</div>
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<b>Socio-Economic Impacts</b></div>
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Nigerian Oil - National Geographic MagazineHear how the people of the Niger Delta view their oil-rich, cash-poor region. ... The Niger Delta holds some of the world&#39;s richest...</div>
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Curse of the Black Gold - TrailerTalking Eyes Media</div>
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Sweet Crude trailerdocumentaryIDA</div>
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Shell film about illegal oil refining in the Niger DeltaShell</div>
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Shell companies in Nigeria: oil theft and spillsShell</div>
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<b>Environmental Impacts</b></div>
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Nigeria&#39;s agony dwarfs the Gulf oil spill. The US and Europe ignore it ...May 30, 2010 ... The Deepwater Horizon disaster caused headlines around the world, yet the people who live in the Niger delta have had ...</div>
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Environmental contamination of Ogoniland by Shell-INfocus-02-29-2012presstvglobalnews</div>
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Shell's delayed clean up of the Niger DeltaAlJazeeraEnglish</div>
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"...right now the people of the Niger Delta have an unprecedented opportunity: Shell has started to admit that it has responsibility for some of the environmental damage caused — and the United Nations is pushing for a $1 billion cleanup fund for the Delta’s Ogoniland region.Tell Shell’s CEO Peter Voser: Pay for the mess you’ve made in the Niger Delta, starting with $1 billion immediately for the UN recommended Ogoniland cleanup fund."Jane Weeks</div>
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Oil industry has brought poverty and pollution to Niger Delta ...Jun 30, 2009 ... The oil industry in the Niger Delta of Nigeria has brought impoverishment, conflict , human rights abuses and despair t...</div>
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UNEP Ogoniland Oil Assessment Reveals Extent of Environmental ...Aug 4, 2011 ... The environmental restoration of Ogoniland in Nigeria could prove to be the world&#39;s most wide-ranging and long term...</div>
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<b>Geopolitical Impacts</b></div>
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KEN SARO WIWA AND 8 OGONI PEOPLE EXECUTED: BLOOD ON ...KEN SARO WIWA AND 8 OGONI PEOPLE EXECUTED: BLOOD ON SHELL&#39;S HANDS. London--10 November 1995--The blood of Ken Saro-Wiwa will ...</div>
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The Ogoni vs oil giant Shell | The Stream - Al Jazeera EnglishMar 8, 2012 ... Nigeria&#39;s Ogoni people are taking their fight against Shell to the US Supreme Court. In a landmark case, the plaint...</div>
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The Ogoni Issue | NigeriaSPDC stopped production in Ogoni land and withdrew from the area in 1993 after violence against our staff and action targeting our faci...</div>
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Ogoni Land | Environment & SocietyThe Ogonis are one of many ethnic groups in the Niger Delta. Members of their community have long called for a greater share of revenue...</div>
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Ogoni Bill of Rights - MOSOPThe Ogoni Bill of Rights which was presented to the Government of the Federal Republic of Nigeria in 1990 called for, among other thing...</div>
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MEND Nigeria Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta ...MEND NIGERIA : The Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta - MEND, MENDUSA, ogoni, ijaw, genocide, ken saro-wiwa, nigeria, Afr...</div>
</noscript>Geog Depthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04950454701053213077noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4574935304547920233.post-54525158737577742042013-01-12T00:30:00.001-08:002013-01-12T03:18:48.509-08:00Hoff Crab and Ice Fish<div style="color: black; direction: ltr; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 10pt;">
The <strong>"Hoff" crab</strong>, a yet-to-be-named species whose nickname comes from Baywatch<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4574935304547920233"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4574935304547920233"></a><em> </em>actor David Hasselhoff<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4574935304547920233"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4574935304547920233"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4574935304547920233"></a>. Recently discovered on a hydrothermal vent system in Antarctica, the 'Hoff<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4574935304547920233"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4574935304547920233"></a>' crab is a type of yeti<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4574935304547920233"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4574935304547920233"></a> crab that farms bacteria on the fur of its chest as its main food source. The crab lives in a relatively warm environment in comparison to the cold of Antarctica. Swarming around steamy vents 1.5 miles deep.<br />
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Antarctica is also home to <strong><strong>Icefish</strong><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4574935304547920233"></a></strong><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4574935304547920233"></a>, a type of see-through fish with glycoproteins<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4574935304547920233"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4574935304547920233"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4574935304547920233"></a> instead of red blood cells. These proteins attach to small ice crystals in the fish's body and work as an antifreeze, enabling it to live in freezing water. Icefish<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4574935304547920233"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4574935304547920233"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4574935304547920233"></a> are from a group of fish spread out to fill a lot of the niches that would be filled by other types of fish in the rest of the world.</div>
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By J.Phillips<br />
<span style="color: grey; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><br /> </span> Geog Depthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04950454701053213077noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4574935304547920233.post-41659711882078279512013-01-12T00:00:00.000-08:002013-01-12T01:16:40.751-08:00<div style="color: black; direction: ltr; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 10pt;">
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">The <b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Canada Lynx</span></b> is a rare feline which resembles other species of the mid-sized Lynx genus. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">The Canada Lynx can be found within Tundra, rocky areas or forest regions within Canada, Alaska and small parts of Northern USA. These Lynx's are more often in forest areas but can also be found in Tundra and rocky areas.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Typically they're larger than a Bobcat and twice the size of a domestic cat.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">The appearance of a Canada Lynx is similar to that of a Eurasian lynx. The feline has broad paws and long legs which make walking through snow easier. They have a dense silvery-brown coat for warmth, ruffed face and tufted ears.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Canada Lynx's have an average weight of 8 to 11 kg (18 to 24 lb), average 80 to 105 cm (31 to 41 in) in length, and have an average shoulder height of 48 to 56 cm (19 to 22 in). Males are larger than females.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">The Canada Lynx is a carnivorous predator; it has four long canines for puncturing and gripping its prey. These canines have nerves which allow the Lynx to feel where it's biting its prey. It has four carnassials that cut meat into small pieces and it chews the meat with its head to the side.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCSHmatZpPyl4Uw_TgzhTtbs03mhwlVCYI4qhfjK6EDV9i6AhoqraNgU0EH-FXtmuIItEu0rtzjaQxpS0ul1cQUa6htpsT1xBjkdqs8Lvi9KCTWTHhLjCB_FB0HAgM30O95uuNLGG_ObCT/s1600/lynx+kids-763241.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5832469655162121938" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCSHmatZpPyl4Uw_TgzhTtbs03mhwlVCYI4qhfjK6EDV9i6AhoqraNgU0EH-FXtmuIItEu0rtzjaQxpS0ul1cQUa6htpsT1xBjkdqs8Lvi9KCTWTHhLjCB_FB0HAgM30O95uuNLGG_ObCT/s320/lynx+kids-763241.jpg" /></a></span></span> <br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span lang="EN">The Canada lynx is a secretive and mostly nocturnal animal, although it may be active at any time of day. They're also very capable swimmers. </span>They hunt mostly Snowshoe Hares, cousins of the Artic Hare.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">It became extinct in Colorado in the 1970s, however were reintroduced back into the area successfully.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7NrCgluhI-3_jkGYKJjLogUpQGSmJqbGhcBYagcfm0B48CGJsWQSyNswPyFabIYi7E-tLWufpfZsMeIq_tUaUlznKlbuwsDNP8tdpc-zvsQs97-AZMHdIeiy3bRBialklflDHou4E0HmZ/s1600/lynx+territory-766187.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5832469664348849490" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7NrCgluhI-3_jkGYKJjLogUpQGSmJqbGhcBYagcfm0B48CGJsWQSyNswPyFabIYi7E-tLWufpfZsMeIq_tUaUlznKlbuwsDNP8tdpc-zvsQs97-AZMHdIeiy3bRBialklflDHou4E0HmZ/s320/lynx+territory-766187.jpg" /></a> </span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">They're currently listed as "threatened" in most areas by the US Fish and Wildlife Service, however are of "least concern" in others.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: grey; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><br /> </span> Geog Depthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04950454701053213077noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4574935304547920233.post-5093595183874064002013-01-10T08:21:00.000-08:002013-01-12T01:18:30.366-08:00<div style="color: black; direction: ltr; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 10pt;">
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<b><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">The Arctic fox </span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">The arctic fox lives further north than any other fox. It can often be found in Northern and western Alaska and the southern to northern territories of Canada. Other common areas where these animals are found are in Russia, Greenland and northern Quebec. The arctic fox's adaptation to its sub-zero habitat includes a compact body with short legs, short ears, dense fur, and thickly haired foot pads. The compact body with short legs provides a low surface area: volume ratio to minimise heat loss, whilst the thickly haired foot pads insulate against the cold and provide traction on ice. Arctic fox feed primarily on small mammals, including lemmings and tundra voles. Fox denning near rocky cliffs along the seacoast often depend heavily on nesting seabirds such as auklets and puffins to give themselves sufficient energy during the cold winter months to survive. The arctic fox is able to catch lemmings and small rodents under the snow. This gives them an advantage over many other animals in cold environment because they can often find extra food when all their normal diet is either eaten or migrated. The Arctic fox walk along on top of the snow listening for the small creatures under the snow. When they hear one they jump up and down to break through the snow with their front paws. Once the snow is broken they can grab their prey and benefit from the nutrients they provide.</span></span><span style="color: grey; font-size: 8pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: grey; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><br /> </span> Geog Depthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04950454701053213077noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4574935304547920233.post-78373265374681586902013-01-10T01:35:00.001-08:002013-01-12T01:17:35.421-08:00Arctic Hare<div style="color: black; direction: ltr; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 10pt;">
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #365f91;"><span style="font-family: Cambria;">The Arctic Hare: </span></span></span></h1>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #365f91;"><span style="font-family: Cambria;"></span></span></span>The Arcitc Hare l<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">ive in the Arctic tundra mostly in Northern Canada and Greenland. They do not hibernate during the long, cold winters but survive them. To do this they have very thick fur and a low surface area: volume ratio to minimise heat loss. The best example of this is their ears; they are much shorter than the ears of a normal hare. An example of behavioural adaptation is that they dig holes under the ground and huddle together for warmth. Like normal hares they have long strong back legs which make them extremely fast and can reach speeds of 40mph!! Along with their fast legs another adaptation to survive the preadators of the arctic is that they have a fully white coat which gives excellent camouflage against the snowy white landscape protecting them from said predators such as wolfs, foxes and bears. Even more amazingly their fur changes colour in the spring to a blue-grey which is the same as the surrounding rocks colours. The hares give birth in the early spring which gives the new born hares plenty of time to grow before the harsh and deadly winter closes in again. With food being scarce in the Arctic the hare survives by eating things such as woody plants, mosses and lichens in the winter, and buds, berries, leaves, roots and even bark in other seasons so they can build up energy to survive in the winter. To gather enough energy also the hare cannot afford to be picky with what it eats and therefore it has adapted to become an omnivore eating both plants and when it can find some animals. </span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj79l_-8q_j1PNAy7VylCQgdJkBrFlndE5QJtwryiN4JwxGfp0mAB0gEh5FqqEt5zII_fiAbmb6VyObYJuyowcWyfdmXetkkgHNt_VGCq0baCObPb9oy43ExYmZrhRZ6C4Kre0l9010PZ-v/s1600/hare+2-760577.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5831751952193936882" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj79l_-8q_j1PNAy7VylCQgdJkBrFlndE5QJtwryiN4JwxGfp0mAB0gEh5FqqEt5zII_fiAbmb6VyObYJuyowcWyfdmXetkkgHNt_VGCq0baCObPb9oy43ExYmZrhRZ6C4Kre0l9010PZ-v/s320/hare+2-760577.jpg" /></a> <br />
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Geog Depthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04950454701053213077noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4574935304547920233.post-49427121346587749692013-01-09T09:39:00.000-08:002013-01-10T01:43:52.307-08:00Tundra Bumble Bee<div style="color: black; direction: ltr; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 10pt;">
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<u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Animals which special adaptations to life in a cold environment </span></u></div>
<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"><span style="font-size: small;">Tundra bumble bees provide a fascinating example of arctic adaptation. Many insects cease functioning during winter. Since they are "cold-blooded", insect body temperatures are closely related to the temperature of their surroundings. The chemical reactions necessary for insect movement do not occur at cold temperatures. Tundra bumble bees have developed a dense hair on their bodies which slows heat loss to the air. They also "shiver" their flight muscles to generate heat. This heat is temporarily trapped within their velvet coat. Some bumblebees can keep their body temperatures 20-30, degrees C (68-86 degrees F) above air temperatures and are easily active while other insects are too cold to move; therefore tundra bumble bees have the ability to survive the arctic climate.</span></span><br />
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<span style="color: grey; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><br /> </span> Geog Depthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04950454701053213077noreply@blogger.com0